Ethical Issues in the Legal System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 898 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/22 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Children Essay Did you like this example? Ethical Issues in the Legal System Sexual abuse of children refers to sexual behavior between a child and an adult or between two children when one of them is significantly older or uses coercion. The perpetrator and the victim may be of the same sex of the opposite sex. Child sexual abuse has been reported up to 80,000 times a year, but the number of unreported instances is far greater, because the children are afraid to tell anyone what has happened, and the legal procedure for validating an episode is difficult. The long-term emotional and psychological damage of sexual abuse can be devastating to the child. Child and adoscelent psychologists can help abused children regain a sense of self-esteem, cope with feelings of guilt about the abuse, and begin the process of overcoming the trauma. Psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work for and to take care of everyone and to do no harm. The psychologist is there mediate the impact of sexual abuse and rebuild t he lives of those affected by the trauma. ( e. g. , Courtois 1988; Russell 1986; Trepper Barrett 1989). Psychologists deal with ethical and legal dilemmas in working with victims of sexual abuse; especially when individual and family needs become a conflict. Psychologists in the United States are required by law to report suspected child abuse. In most jurdistications, reporting requirements override both confidentially and privilege associated the physician patient relationship. When the evidence of abuse comes from the suspected abuser in the course of psychotherapy, difficult ethical issues arise from which authors of reporting legislation have often dismissed too lightly. Despite criticisms, it is clear that all states have determined that mandated reporting of perceived abuse is necessary. Of course the breach of confidently against reporting an individual may come into effect, but if the suspected victim is the one treated there is no breach in confidently since no ther auptic relationship has been established. The requirement to report suspected past abuse places therapists in an ethical dilemma between suppressing the evidence of possible abuse and breaking confidence by reporting their suspicions. A system proposed in many states, clearly states the reporting of abuse of any child under eighteen that is currently receiving treatment or has received abuse in the past that may require therapy. The system would provide all the protections for victims currently available under the various state statues without requiring therapists to break confidentially beyond these situations in which professional ethical guidelines already require such reporting. Psychologists are usually called upon to assist the child/victim and family members from psychological problems that have resulted from sexual abuse experiences. Psychologists are specialists in interviewing and assessment techniques, as well as experts in intervention procedures. Psychologists who have received training in child deveoplement are able to appraise the cognitive and emotional development of the child as well as his or her overall functioning. Additionally psychologists are trained in behavioral observations which can help in the specific needs of the victim. Psychologists may also aid in the investigation of detailed events that occurred during the sexual abuse of the victim. Investigators make the mistake of using improper interview techniques that have actually tainted the testimony of a child to a point where it became impossible to determine if the child was giving an account of something that actually happened or something they learned during the interview process. These errors are made by interviewers with various levels of training and also with various levels of familiarity with the child. The errors include the omission of details (forgetting) and the commission of details (inserting facts that were not stated), as wells as misreporting the degre e to which the childs answers were spontaneous or the result of suggestive techniques. In addition, interviewers often cannot recall the source of their hearsay statements; they cannot remember whether the child originally made the statement, whether the interviewer originally made the statement, and in some cases, whether another child made that statement. The last error is most likely to occur when investigators interview a number of children during the same investigation. (Allen N. Cowling) Children who have been sexually abused can suffer a range of psychological and behavioral problems, from mild to severe, in both the short and long term. Psychologists should follow a certain code of conduct that will provide a framework of ethical dilemmas encountered by family therapists that work with child abuse cases. Psychologists are able to help mend the minds of a child abuse victim by talking and discussing events that can’t be discussed with others in a child sexual abu se investigation the alleged the victim is often also the only witness to the event and therefore the entire investigation depends on the child testimony. The interviewers approach and style of interviewing remain crucial for enabling or disabling the child to give an account of his or her experiences. Reference Page: Conflict of Interest Between Therapist Patient Confidently and the Duty to Report Sexual Abuse of Children By: Robert D. Miller M. D. , PH. D, Robert Weinstocks M. D. Validation of Child Sexual Abuse: The psychologists Role Lelie I. Risin and J. Regis Mc Namora Dynamics of Verbal Interactation between interviewer and child in Interviews with alleged victims of child sexual abuse By: Julia Korkma and Pekka Santilla https://www. allencowling. com/video. htm â€Å"Why courts should insist on recording interviews of children† Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ethical Issues in the Legal System" essay for you Create order

My Goal As An Occupational Therapy - 1195 Words

Statement of Purpose When I worked as an occupational therapist in Asan Medical Center, one client said to me. â€Å"Therapist Lee, I feel depressed when I think of myself after discharging from this hospital. I already know that my new life which I should face with would be totally different than before. But I don’t know how to participate in my newly-defined life. It is just like a walking the road without any light.† After I heard his story, it reminded me about my original desire which I wanted to commit myself. Moreover, this event make me come back to academic courses and pursue my goal as an occupational therapy(OT) researcher. I have a quote which I really love and strongly influences on my whole life: â€Å"Life’s most persistent and urgent question is, what are you doing for others?† by Martin Luther King Jr. I was born in Christian family. My parents always had emphasis on helping others like Jesus did and helped people to follow the Bible. It has inspired me since when I was young. Moreover, one of my close relatives who is also occupational therapist always talked to me about fascination of OT. For these reasons, I made my decision to be an occupational therapist to make people live better and meaningful and give service which is fitted for their needs. My primary interest is helping underprivileged people to be restored in society. During my undergraduate years, I tried to apply OT theories to various area. In my senior year, I was the leader who managed two projects.Show MoreRelatedI Have Possessed Compassion And Empathy Towards Other Individuals Ever Since I A Young Child816 Words   |  4 Pagesare what sparked my desire to work in the healthcare field where I will have the opportunity to help those in need every day. Fortunately, two summers ago I had the opportunity to spend two weeks watching an occupational therapist work with my grandmother at the Northern Colorado Rehabilitation Hospital where she was recovering from a double knee replacement. During that time I witnessed the occupational therapist work with compassion, patience, and dedication in her sessions with my grandmother. Read MoreCareer As An Occupational Therapist1086 Words   |  5 Pagesin health science, the goal I have is to pursue a career as an occupati onal therapist. This career gives me plenty of opportunities I can only benefit from. Whether it comes from job security, steady income, occupational therapy allows me to use my abilities to help someone regain the abilities they once had. To be able to change the life of others as a career seems to be the most rewarding opportunity I could ever take. In order to achieve this goal of being an occupational therapist, there is aRead MorePersonal Statement : Occupational Therapy1112 Words   |  5 Pagessay that I wanted to become an engineer because of my love for hands-on learning and my exceptional problem-solving skills. However, when I grew older I found that similar spark of fascination in the medical field. I wanted to go into a profession where I could help others and use my love for problem solving and hands-on interest. This is when I became interested in occupational therapy and fell in love with the profession. Occupational therapy has several elements I find passion in su ch as, theRead MoreI Am Only One, But I Can Not Do Everything798 Words   |  4 Pageseverything an occupational therapist is about. I cannot do everything, but I can and will do something to help individuals regain their lives back. I have seen how impactful occupational therapy is by watching the drastic changes it has on lives. The TTUHSC Master of Occupational Therapy program has every quality needed to gain knowledge of this field to help me reach my dreams of helping others. My values to succeed and desires of hard work and responsibility have all been ameliorating in my undergraduateRead MoreMy Internship With The Mesa County Valley School District 511336 Words   |  6 PagesThrough my internship with both the Mesa County Valley School District 51, as well as Family Health West’s Pediatric Rehabilitation, I have learned a vast amount about occupational therapy. I have learned about its importance and its necessity, as well as the array of ways it can help individuals in need. I have also gained countless experiences that I am very thankful for. Additionally, I have accomplished all of the goals I sought to when starting this internship with leaps and bounds. I helpedRead MoreDon Name Changed For Confidentiality Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pageslessened much of his anxiety working with the horses, that I had the pleasure of working under the supervision of an occupational therapist. When Ben first started working with the program he was afraid to get near the horse and did not even want to come close enough to get on let alone pet the horse. We worked with him on deep breathing techniques, muscle control and some speech therapy. By the end of the eight-week session we worked with Ben, he was able to not only get near the horse, but by the lastRead MoreOccupational Therapy : A Essential Segment Of The Health Care Field Essay732 Words   |  3 Pagesunderstanding of the occupational therapy profession. Occupational Therapy is a vital segment of the health care field. Individuals in this profession make a difference in the lives of others by helping their patients function effectively despite their disability, illness, or injury. They help by teaching patients many activities of daily living tasks which can include, grooming, toileting, dressing, eating, mobility, and much more! Along with the daily living tasks, Occupational Therapy helps individualsRead MoreOccupational Therapists Are Ill, Injured, Or Disabled1059 Words   |  5 Pages The Bureau of Labor Statistics describes an occupational therapist as one who treats patients who are ill, injured, or disabled by the therapeutic use of everyday activities. They help patients develop, recover, and improve the skills needed for daily living and working (2014-15).The Occupational Handbook describes the many jobs of these occupational therapists in steps. It states that the process begins with observing patients, inter viewing them, and reviewing medical history. OnceRead MorePersonal Statement : Occupational Therapy866 Words   |  4 PagesOccupational therapy is the ability to provide help to others fairly and respectfully by doing everyday activities that can actually benefit the patients by improving the quality of his or her life. By doing so, this patient will be able to return to their loved ones and their daily activities. As a future occupational therapy, I will try my best to help these patients reach their goals of becoming dependent again. The passion that I have to help those that are in needs of treatments. There are severalRead More Physical, Occupational, and Speech Therapies Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical, Occupational, and Speech Therapies      Ã‚  Ã‚   When many people hear the word therapy, they think of something that has caused a problem and has to be fixed. In most cases, that is true. Most people think the problem may be an injury that has to be rehabilitated or an extreme mental problem where the person needs serious help. However, therapy does not always deal with injured or mentally troubled people. Three types of therapy that help a wide range of people with their problems

Physical and psychological needs of a three year old child free essay sample

In this assignment it will be discussed what constitute the main physical and psychological necessities of a toddler, more precisely a three years old child. As soon as these needs are defined, it shall be discussed how to provide, inside the environment of a childcare setting, the means to achieve the suitable conditions to satisfy such necessities, as well as selected specific capabilities that carers must acquire to accomplish the task to adequately provide appropriate carefulness. Firstly, it is compulsory to provide a definition for physical and psychological needs. Beginning with the physical necessities, there are key factors that must be addressed considering, the childcare environment, including physical exercises, rest and sleep, promotion of good health, including adequate nutrition and personal hygiene, as well as safety and first aid at the childcare environment (MCI, undated). These needs apply to the child’s life, your job is to identify them and then show how they can be met in daycare. Physical exercises are essential for all individuals. Although Montessori never encouraged formal exercises to children under 6 years old (MCI, undated), nowadays this activity must be explored, aiming to provide better health, as well as contributing to improve gross motor skills, like running, picking up balls, jumping and climbing. Yes, but Montessori did advocate the freedom for the child to move at will, to move around the classroom and to repeat movements until the child was satisfied. She did place great importance on allowing the child to develop the muscles required to gain full control over the body. Naturally, rest and sleep are as essential as exercises. Once the child has accomplished his/hers activities, a resting time must be provided, especially when concentration and energy tasks are required. Additionally, sleeping is such a vital requirement, that a facility for resting must be available in any childcare facility. If not in an adequate state of repose, a child may become irritable and can have his/hers concentration capacity seriously reduced. This should be made available to all children but nap time should not be enforced, not all 3 yr olds require a nap during the day. The next subject is related to the diet, and this matter must always be adequately addressed in a childcare facility. The nourishing practices are of crucial importance, and the carers, additionally to the noble task of verifying and sometimes prepare the food, must assure that children are being properly fed. Along with feeding, hygiene is also essential and carers must always inspect for proper bathing, hands, hair, nails, feet, ears, toilet and teeth. (MCI, undated) Is it the job of the childcare setting to bathe the child and cut the child’s nails? Eventually, safety and first aid must always be observed. Apart from lawful and legal issues, carers must know how to take proper actions when urged. Following the structure presented, the definitions were already mentioned. Therefore, it is valid to discuss how the setting and carers can accomplish the necessities previously defined. On the focus of the physical aspects, the setting shall provide proper means for children to exercise. It can be set as a separate room or space to accommodate suitable toys for indoor use. For outdoor exercises, the setting must offer a safe area, like a playground, including supervised activities for children. In terms of rest and sleep, an adequate setting must keep a quiet room containing comfortable facilities for children in need of a rest. Considering feeding and nourishing, the setting shall include a proper kitchen with suitable appliances for preparation, storage, cleaning, serving and feeding installations. In relation to hygiene issues, all carers shall have appropriate training about topics that may take place in a setting environment. A carer shall be able to bath a child, check for nails, hair, ears, feet hands and teeth. Ultimately, all carers must keep a basic training concerning first aid and safety. It is not expected that a carer might be able to employ resurrecting techniques for example, but in case of an emergency, there basics actions that can be taken. Safety aid equipment must be kept at easy access and the legal procedures about this subject shall be observed in the sake of protecting the children well-being. You have not discussed ventilation in the setting (fresh air will improve brain function and will help prevent the spread of air-borne germs), the security of the setting (secure so that no child can leave unattended and unnoticed, no-one can enter unsupervised and no child can be picked up unless the adult is known to the setting), the safety of the physical setting (storage of chemicals, covers on ponds, radiators and electrical sockets etc. ), safety for the child from the elements ( how to dress for outdoor weather), removal of ill children from the setting etc. Until this point, some topics on physical well-being were covered, with emphasis on the role played by the carer in a setting environment. Continuing this assignment, it shall be discussed the psychological needs, focusing on emotional and social necessities and what carers must observe to ensure emotional and social well-being. According to Erickson (Erikson in Macleod-Brudenell Kay, 2008), a child on the age surrounding three years should be able to control his/hers physiological necessities and basically respond for his/hers personal hygiene. This â€Å"control† provides the child great autonomy, confidence and freedom to try new experiences not being afraid to make mistakes. However, if a child is criticized or ridiculed she/he might develop an embarrassment or distress concerning his/hers abilities to be autonomous, leading to a return to the previous stage, i. e. , the complete dependency. Throughout this stage, a child will learn about the privileges, obligations e limitations that he/she will encounter. The carer must be able to observe and help the child to learn and eventually overcome this process. To support this idea, the words of Macleod-Brudenell and Kay (2008, pp ) are replicated here: â€Å"The way the children develop emotionally and socially is of prime importance to an understand of healthy development and learning†. Another topic that has to be noticed is related to what Erikson defines as â€Å"Secondary Emotions†. At this stage, the child should be able to feel guilty, envy, shame and pride. These feelings must be dealt with extreme care to avoid traumas for the child. In terms of psychological subjects, some key aspects were briefly defined until this point. However, a â€Å"central and critical† (Macleod-Brudenell Kay, 2008) still must be defined: self-esteem. Coopersmith (1967:4) defines self-esteem as â€Å"a personal judgement of worthiness, which is expressed in the attitudes the individual holds towards himself†. Associated with self-esteem, it is possible to link the personal identity and self-evaluation of the child and the caregivers shall always promote and incentive the child? s self-esteem towards continuous improvement. A last point valid to observe is related to the development of friendship. Around 3 years old the child begins to have some playmates and usually associate this friendship with the activities involved in the environment of the childcare setting. Alongside peer friendships would come the need for the child to form emotional bonds with adults other than the parent/primary carer. After all these definitions, it is important to explain the steps the carers must take to ensure the child? s well-being in emotional and social terms, assuring the child will feel linked to the care setting and the transition from home is the most suave possible. The first point to be addressed is related to providing the appropriate emotional environment for the child to feel safe and free at the same time. The carer must provide the necessary security for the child, demonstrating as well the limits, or boundaries, that shall be determined. This safeness and freedom must be assured every time, to provide adequate uniformity and sureness of care. Additionally, the care shall be certain that the child may be protected from embarrassment and shame when he/she is inside the setting. As cited earlier, this attitude may traumatize the child and regress he/she to an earlier stage of development. The social and emotional developments are crucial for the child. The carers shall be liable to accompany this development process during all the time. It is important to provide feedback to parents and counselling in subjects that might need special attention. Signs of underdevelopment and difficulty to learn must be addressed all the time aiming to provide support for the child. This contact with parents will also help to maintain a continuity of care which will help the child to feel secure moving between home and daycare. In terms of â€Å"Secondary Emotions†, the carers must observe the feelings brought to the external environment. The child eventually will show strong reactions depending on the situation that has been provoked. The carers must have adequate ability to help the child to control these â€Å"Secondary Emotions† without interfere excessively on the way the child behaves. At this point it is important to establish that all the responses the caregivers must provide to the child aim to guarantee a sense of belonging from the child to the care setting. Protection and freedom, respect and confidence, improvement of self-esteem and friendship are tools essentials for the carer, considering the arduous task associated with caring about a child. As more advanced and developed the carer can be on the use of these insights, the higher the probabilities to achieve success in raising a toddler. A last point to be considered in this assignment is related to the current legislation about health and safety and the strategies being adopted by the governments to establish the standards for care settings facilities and staff. In this assignment, it shall be considered the â€Å"Convention on the Rights of The Child† from UNICEF (2005). This agreement is of universal application and has been used as the base for most of the important legislation about the children wellbeing. Accordingly to the Convention, important key points were defined aiming to cover all aspects related to physical and psychological child? s well-being. Considering the scope of this assignment, the Articles 27, 28 and 29 establish vital directives to be followed not only by the Government, but by everyone responsible for a child care. Ref In Article 27 it is well defined that â€Å"States Parties recognize the right of every child to a standard of living adequate for the childs physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development†. At this point, it is important to notice that in a childcare setting these directives must be observed in consonance with the Convention. In this assignment it has been defined some fundamental points that could provide the means to achieve such standard of living. The Article 27 goes beyond, determining actions in the directions of providing also material assistance for the child, including nourishing, housing and clothing. Moving on to the Articles 28 and 29, it is possible to encounter the directives related to the â€Å"childs personality, talents and mental and physical abilities†. Ref Likewise, the main focus of this assignment was to establish the child? s physical and psychological needs and action that caregivers should always adopt in the direction of accomplishing the appropriate child? s development. Finally, Article 29 still establishes that freedom, friendship and respect are memorable points to always be observed by the Nations. Ref In conclusion, all the subjects enlisted in this assignment could be explored in almost a limitless approach. However, it is important to notice that only the points considered to have straightforward application in a childcare setting were described. Beginning by defining the physical necessities in terms of basics themes involved in the daily basis of a setting, this assignment evolved in the direction of establishing what should be the abilities a caregiver should demonstrate to fulfil these necessities. The next topic focused on the psychological necessities of the child, in terms of emotional and social needs. These subjects are extensively explored in the specialized literature due to their fundamental prominence. Once more, the idea was to provide a brief explanation about the main points involved without consume all the possible concepts. The main focus in this assignment was to define the social and emotional needs and point some directions on actions caregivers could follow to be successful in provide the adequate responsiveness to a child at the childcare setting. As a final point, the legislation related to the child well-being was cited, more specifically the â€Å"Convention on the Rights of The Child†. In general terms, the Convention determines main directives for the children rights, but not all of them are applicable in this assignment. Some key points were selected, more precisely the Articles 27, 28 and 29. In this case, the articles selected provided a recognized base to this assignment, considering the fact that most of the subjects encircled by those articles were well discussed in this assignment.